Rod pathways are a parallel set of synaptic connections which enable night vision by relaying and processing rod photoreceptor light responses. We use dim light stimuli to isolate rod pathway contributions to downstream light responses then characterize these contributions in knockout mice lacking rod transducin-α (Trα), or certain pathway components associated with subsets of rod pathways. The...

29 The retina responds to a wide range of light stimuli by adaptation of retinal signaling to 30 background light intensity and the use of two different photoreceptors: rods that sense dim light 31 and cones that sense bright light. Rods signal to rod bipolar cells that receive significant 32 inhibition from amacrine cells in the dark, especially from a rod bipolar cell activated 33 GABAergic a...

A threshold-like nonlinearity in signal transfer from mouse rod photoreceptors to rod bipolar cells dramatically improves the absolute sensitivity of the rod signals. The work described here reaches three conclusions about the mechanisms generating this nonlinearity. (1) The nonlinearity is caused primarily by saturation of the feedforward rod-to-rod bipolar synapse and not by feedback from hor...

We determined how rod signaling at mesopic light levels is altered by extrinsic temporal white noise that is correlated or uncorrelated with the activity of one (magnocellular, parvocellular, or koniocellular) postreceptoral pathway. Rod and cone photoreceptor excitations were independently controlled using a four-primary photostimulator. Psychometric (Weibull) functions were measured for incre...

Rod photoreceptors contribute to vision over an ∼ 6-log-unit range of light intensities. The wide dynamic range of rod vision is thought to depend upon light intensity-dependent switching between two parallel pathways linking rods to ganglion cells: a rod → rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway that operates at dim backgrounds and a rod → cone → cone bipolar cell pathway that operates at brighter backg...

underlying visual processing in dim light is well conserved. Individual rod photoreceptors, themselves capable of reliably signaling the absorption of individual photons (6, 9), are pooled in a specialized circuitry referred to as the rod bipolar pathway (17, 49). Following a series of convergent connections in this pathway, the ganglion cells, which are the output cells of the retina, send sig...

Previous assessment of verticality by means of rod and rod and frame tests indicated that human subjects can be more (field dependent) or less (field independent) influenced by a frame placed around a tilted rod. In the present study we propose a new approach to these tests. The judgment of visual verticality (rod test) was evaluated in 50 young subjects (28 males, ranging in age from 20 to 27 ...

Abstract As an important bearing structure of maglev train, the connecting rod has high requirements for material performance. In this paper, according to structural capacity rod, finite element methodwas used calculate and analyze composite aluminum alloy under two working conditions, so as determine advantages in mechanical properties provide theoretical support design rod.

One hundred twenty-eight 4-month-old infants were habituated to one of several displays that depicted two rod pieces above and below a box. The effects of common motion, background texture, and orientation of the rod pieces on infants’ perception of unity of the partially occluded rod were examined. Infants who viewed displays in which the rod pieces were aligned and presented in front of a tex...

The strength of rod inputs to ganglion cells was assessed in the macaque retina at retinal positions within 3-15 deg eccentricity. The experimental paradigm used temporally modulated heterochromatic lights whose relative phase was varied. This paradigm provided a sensitive test to detect rod input. In parvocellular (PC) pathway cells, the gain of the cone-driven signal decreased with decrease i...