this study examined barriers of sustainable rural development from perspective of experts in department of rural development in razi university, institute of rural research & development, and organization of rural cooperatives in kermanshah (n=42).the sample size was estimated by population census. the main research instrument for data collection was pre-tested questionnaire. validityof que...

Excessive leverage is one of the most important problems facing Italian agricultural cooperatives as the competition in the EU intensifies. An empirical study of 500 agricultural cooperatives supports the hypothesis that cooperatives characterized as having “powerful managers” have a capital structure that is significantly different from the “nonpowerful manager” cooperatives. Powerful manager ...

Development of agricultural cooperatives is one the main tasks for successful implementation master plan on restructuring and new rural construction in Phu Tho province. In past years, People’s committee province has been very active state management cooperatives, thereby developing significantly cooperatives. Some models were initially associated with value chain development, high-technology a...

ABSTRACT The rural special education context is unique because of the distinct environment and the variety of rural school subcultures. However, little information about rural special education is available prior to the late 1970's, partially because federal agencies lacked a working definition of "rural._" Although rural and urban special education service environments vary greatly (especially...

In this paper we perform a formal analysis of the objective function of a ...nancial cooperative (FC) to investigate to which extent they may be suited to ...nance SME under conditions of economic and ...nancial reforms in developing countries. We also perform a less formal analysis on the nature and role of the ”common bond” in the decision making process by FC. The formal model allows us to s...

Rural development is a process involving local people in solving their problems. As a strategy designed to improve the social and economic well-being of rural populations, rural developmentundoubtedlysupportsnation-widedevelopmentina country like Iran with a rural-basedsociety. Theconstitutionof the Islamic Republic of Iran stipulates that ­rural development should be viewed as a key function o...

This paper examines the impacts of access to extension services and cooperative membership on technology adoption, asset ownership and poverty using household-level data from rural Nigeria. Using different matching techniques and endogenous switching regression approach, we find that both extension access and cooperative membership have a positive and statistically significant effect on technol...

A multidisciplinary intervention to reduce protein-energy malnutrition among children in rural areas was piloted in 3 provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on an initial situation analysis, a range of interventions were implemented through local nongovernmental organizations, including nutrition, health and literacy education for mothers, improved growth monitoring and fostering rura...

1. introduction handicrafts as the most important item of iran historical identity and a cause for economic growth and development in the modern world show the tribal and native specifications this land. handicrafts have played an effective role in cultural changes from long years ago. in many of iranian cities and rural districts handicrafts are produced and hand-woven carpets are the most imp...