extended abstract 1. introduction human as the main component of society and economy had a requirement that food security and healthy food nutrition was initially and major. food insecurity and hungry can be affect on human health in the first stage, and social and psychological consequences in addition. food security is a complex condition that its dimensions were availability, access, utiliza...

Given the different income inequalities between rural, urban and metropolitan areas in Paraguay, the standard Roy model predicts the possibility that a selection bias of rural metropolitan migrants exists. Based on an extended Roy model, which allows for correlation between labor market characteristics and moving cost, I use a switching regression model to evaluate if migrants from rural to met...

This paper identified and examined saving behaviour and determinants of saving mobilization by the rural co-operators in Southern Tigrai Ethiopia. The input for the study was obtained from randomly selected 120 rural household savers from six purposively selected rural savings and credit cooperatives. The result of the study using least squares method showed that savings mobilized is determined...

In many developing countries the composition of rural households is influenced by the migration of adult household members to urban locations in search of employment. Children may be left in the care of their mother alone, or in the care of grandparents when both parents have migrated. Using representative data from rural Northeast Thailand, this paper investigates whether household composition...

Current forecasts suggest that the vast majority of growth in energy demand will come from the developing world, and that China will play a major part in that growth. This paper presents evidence suggesting that the shape of the income distribution, which is typically omitted from forecasting models, plays a major role in driving household acquisition of energy-using durable goods in rural Chin...

INTRODUCTION Each day almost 500 newborns die in Pakistan, ranking this country close to Afghanistan and Iraq amongst developing countries in terms of neonatal mortality. This constitutes more than 70% of the infant mortality rate. Among the various determinants of neonatal mortality in Pakistan, most emerge from behaviors and inappropriate practices of mothers, particularly in rural communitie...

INTRODUCTION Lower levels of physical activity among rural relative to urban residents have been suggested as an important contributor to rural-urban health disparity; however, empirical evidence is sparse. METHODS We examined rural-urban differences in 4 objective physical activity measures (2 intensity thresholds by 2 bout lengths) and 4 subjective measures (total, leisure, household, and t...

Nonfarm activities play an important role in the determination of rural household income, consumption expenditure, and household food security. However, much less studies have been devoted to the factors that influence nonfarm income diversification by farm household in developing countries. Using cross-sectional data and a probit model, this study attempts to determine the factors influencing ...

BACKGROUND Some previous studies have suggested that area-level characteristics have effects on smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between household income and area income on smoking in Korean adults. METHODS This study was based on the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) performed in South Korea, between September and November 2009. In total, 222,242 subjects (...

BACKGROUND Few studies have quantified social mixing in remote rural areas of developing countries, where the burden of infectious diseases is usually the highest. Understanding social mixing patterns in those settings is crucial to inform the implementation of strategies for disease prevention and control. We characterized contact and social mixing patterns in rural communities of the Peruvian...