Inducible (calcium-independent) nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are important in the regulation of the function of different organs during infection. A single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg ip) within 6 h increased NOS activity (20%) and prostaglandin E (PGE) content (100%) in submandibular glands (SMG) and blocked stimulated salivary secretion in adult male ...

Reports on theory-of-mind deficits have led to the common belief that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with a lack of empathy. Resonance is a basic empathyrelated process, linking two interacting individuals at the physiological level. Findings in ASD have been inconclusive regarding basic empathy. We investigated resonance at the autonomic level – the salivation-inducing effect o...

A 17-month-old male King Charles cavalier was presented with acute onset of generalized body tremors, facial twitching and salivation after being exposed to 2 different classes of compounds of the pyrethrins/pyrethroids group as well as to imidacloprid. Bifenthrin toxicity was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Pyrethroid toxicosis in dogs is to the best of our knowledge rarely ...

Compared with other rat strains, the inbred FOK rat is extremely heat tolerant. This increased heat tolerance is due largely to the animal's enhanced saliva spreading abilities. The aims of the present study were to 1) quantify the heat tolerance capacity of FOK rats and 2) determine the regulatory mode of the enhanced salivary cooling in these animals. Various strains of rats were acutely expo...

To protect against loss of photo-assimilate-rich phloem sap, plants have evolved several mechanisms to plug phloem sieve tubes in response to damage. In many Fabaceae, each sieve element contains a discrete proteinaceous body called a forisome, which, in response to damage, rapidly transforms from a condensed configuration that does not impede the flow of sap to a dispersed configuration that p...

Zhang Y, Catalán MA, Melvin JE. TRPV4 activation in mouse submandibular gland modulates Ca influx and salivation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 303: G1365–G1372, 2012. First published October 18, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00366.2012.—Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 (TRPV4) is a ligand-gated nonselective cation channel that participates in the transduction of mechanical ...

Acanthopanax divaricatus (Siebold & Zucc.) Seem. var. albeofructus (ADA), a traditional medical herb, has been used to treat arthritis and muscular injury, to strengthen muscle and bone, and to get vital energy. However, information regarding its toxicity is limited. ADA was administered by oral gavage to groups of rats at doses of 0 (control), 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000 mg/kg five t...

We previously found that the greatest salivation response in healthy human subjects is produced by facial vibrotactile stimulation of 89 Hz frequency with 1.9 μ m amplitude (89 Hz-S), as reported by Hiraba et al. (2012, 20011, and 2008). We assessed relationships between the blood flow to brain via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the frontal cortex and autonomic parameters. We ...

A seven-year-old, advance pregnant graded Murrah buffalo was presented with sudden onset of profuse salivation, anorexia, severe tympany and generalized discomfort. Palpation revealed enlarged cervical esophageal mass pain gagging reflex. Plain lateral radiography neck showed presence obstructed in lumen. The removed via esophagotomy under deep sedation local infiltration anaesthesia uneventful...

Introduction. Among the causes of many functional disorders in cleft palate abnormalities there are imperfections anatomical structures upper jaw, formed at stage facial embryogenesis. Inadequate capacity protective mechanisms oral cavity is manifested by a decrease proper functioning major and minor salivary glands changes level biologically active components fluid that responsible for maintai...