In this study, zirconium dodecylphosphonate was synthesized by the reported method in scientific literature. 2-Alkylbenzoxazoles were prepared from aliphatic carboxylic acids and 2-aminophenol in the presence of this catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 100°C. Their structures were recognized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Then, we used aromatic carboxylic acids in t...

OBJECTIVES Three strong interactions between amino acid side chains (salt bridge, cation-π, and amide bridge) are studied that are stronger than (or comparable to) the common hydrogen bond interactions, and play important roles in protein-protein interactions. METHODS Quantum chemical methods MP2 and CCSD(T) are used in calculations of interaction energies and structural optimizations. RESU...

Crop performance is severely affected by high salt concentrations in soils. To engineer more salt-tolerant plants it is crucial to unravel the key components of the plant salt-tolerance network. Here we review our understanding of the core salt-tolerance mechanisms in plants. Recent studies have shown that stress sensing and signaling components can play important roles in regulating the plant ...

The role of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids in the tolerance of the photosynthetic machinery to salt stress was studied by comparing the desA-/desD- mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which contained monounsaturated fatty acids, with the wild-type strain, which contained a full complement of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In darkness, the loss of oxygen-evolving photosystem II activ...

Factors that influence salt absorption by plants have long been a subject of study. Only recently, however, (3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 16, 20, 23), have the effects of certain metabolic processes in the plant been recognized as intimately connected with salt absorption and accumulation. The present investigation has been concerned with the cation-anion balance in several species of crop plants with speci...

Association analysis was conducted in a core collection of 94 genotypes of Solanum pimpinellifolium to identify variations linked to salt tolerance traits (physiological and yield traits under salt stress) in four candidate genes viz., DREB1A, VP1.1, NHX1, and TIP. The candidate gene analysis covered a concatenated length of 4594 bp per individual and identified five SNP/Indels in DREB1A and VP...

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is one of tolerant grass species to drought and salt. The comparative analyses of bermudagrass in response to drought and salt stresses at the physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic levels were performed in this study. The physiological results indicated that osmolytes accumulation, ROS level and antioxidant enzyme activities were extensively changed by drough...

The approximate solubility products of the calcium salts of ten unconjugated bile acids and several taurine conjugated bile acids were determined. The formation of micelles, gels, and/or precipitates in relation to Ca2+,Na+, and bile salt concentration was summarized by "phase maps." Because the ratio of Ca2+ to bile salt in the precipitates was ca. 1:2, and the activity of Ca2+ but not that of...

The crystal and mol-ecular structures of the title salt, C8H8N3S2 (+)·Cl(-), (I), and salt hydrate, C8H7ClN3S2 (+)·Cl(-)·H2O, (II), are described. The heterocyclic ring in (I) is statistically planar and forms a dihedral angle of 9.05 (12)° with the pendant phenyl ring. The comparable angle in (II) is 15.60 (12)°, indicating a greater twist in this cation. An evaluation of the bond lengths in t...

Contact chemoreceptors on the mouthparts and legs of the blowfly Phormia regina that normally respond to aqueous solutions of sapid substances also respond to compounds in the gaseous state. Effective vapors include organic and inorganic acids and various unrelated nonpolar compounds. In general, the acids stimulate the salt receptor. Some nonpolar compounds stimulate the salt receptor while ot...