BACKGROUND The social health insurance coverage is relatively high in Mongolia; however, escalation of out-of-pocket payments for health care, which reached 41 % of the total health expenditure in 2011, is a policy concern. The aim of this study is to analyse the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures and to measure the rate of impoverishment from health care payments under the social he...

Hannah Arendt, one of the foremost political philosophers of the twentieth century, has argued that it is the responsibility of educators not to leave children in their own world but instead to bring them into the adult world so that, as adults, they can carry civilization forward to whatever challenges it will face by bringing to bear the learning of the past. In the same collection of essays,...

INTRODUCTION Many low and middle-income countries rely on out-of-pocket payments to help finance health care. These payments can pose financial hardships for households; valid measurement of this type of economic burden is therefore critical. This study examines the validity of five survey measures of economic burden caused by health care payments. METHODS We analyzed 2002/03 World Health Sur...

This study uses epidemiological data to investigate socioeconomic proportions of distinctions raised by "racism" in Brazilian society. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2,779 women ages 14 through 49, living in a southern Brazilian city. Black and mixed-race women had less schooling, lower family income, and worse housing conditions than white women. They a...

To solve the problem of particle degeneracy and sample impoverishment in conventional particle filter, we propose the weight approaching particle filter(WAPF) to increase the particle diversity before resampling step for adaptive multi-user detection (MUD) in synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) system.. In the resampling step, particles are classified into two groups according to t...

The purpose of the study was to advance our understanding of the developmental precursors of Moral Disengagement (MD) and the role of MD in the development of antisocial behavior from early risk among an ethnically diverse sample of 187 low-income boys followed prospectively from ages 1.5 to 17. Results indicated associations between early rejecting parenting, neighborhood impoverishment, and c...

A well-studied topic in finance is fitting pricing models to available market information; this is the inverse of the option pricing problem. The accuracy of least squares calibration using option premiums and particle filtering of price data to find model parameters is determined. Derivative models using exponential Lévy processes are calibrated using regularized weighted least squares with re...

Particle filter (PF) is widely used in mobile robot localization, since it is suitable for the nonlinear nonGaussian system. Localization based on PF, However, degenerates over time. This degeneracy is due to the fact that a particle set estimating the pose of the robot looses its diversity. One of the main reasons for loosing particle diversity is sample impoverishment. It occurs when likeliho...

The hegemonic discourse on humanism in the contemporary academy – a critical form of theoretical anti-humanism is marked by certain degree impoverishment. This impoverishment result many contextual factors, including ideological purposes to which has been put, but also effects internal workings paradigm associated with itself. In this article, I trace development its foundational early- and mid...