In urban areas of low-income countries, treatment of faecal sludge (FS) is insufficient or non-existent. This results in large amounts of FS being dumped into the environment. Existing treatment technologies for FS, such as settling-thickening tanks and drying beds, are land intensive which is limiting in urban areas. Enhanced settling and dewatering by conditioning was evaluated in order to re...

Experiments were conducted under atmospheric pressures appropriate for Earth and Mars to determine the e,ciency of sand in saltation as a means for raising dust into the atmosphere under wind speeds which would otherwise be too low for dust entrainment. Experiments involving intimate mixtures of sand and dust (1:1 ratio by mass) showed that after an initial .urry of activity of a few seconds du...

Aims: Vitis vinifera is a grape species and native to the Mediterranean region and east to northern Iran. The present research was carried out in greenhouse conditions to study the effects of four concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0; 2000; 4000; and 6000 mg/l) and three planting beds (agricultural soils, sandy, and mixture of agricultural soils and sand) on rooting grape cuttings i...

Stratification and estimated paleoflow conditions for valley-fill deposits suggest that Ogallala Group streams in western Nebraska were similar to modem streams of south-central Alberta. Ogallala stratification includes medium-scale (0.5 to 2. O m thick) trough crossbedded sand and gravel, tabular indistinctly horizontally bedded and imbricated gravel, and horizontally bedded sand and pebbly sa...

Abstract There are lots of drying bed structures in the literature that planted or unplanted but few indicate reasons behind their choice. As this technology is widely spread less developed countries, identification and analysis selection criteria for appropriate faecal sludge beds necessary. This article analyses a case study Yaounde domestic septage over three which percolates parameters anal...

In this study, we extend the mechanistic equilibrium saltation model of Ashida and Michiue (1972) for nearly horizontal sand beds to the case of spatial nonequilibrium sand transport, which allows us to calculate sand transport rates over varying mildly-sloped topographies. Our model incorporates a generalized description of the reduction of the Shields stress within the saltation layer due to ...