in this article, in order to demonstrate the pragmatic elements of rawls’s viewpoint, the developmental path of his a theory of justice shall first be investigated. this development has two phases: in the first phase, justice has an ethical-philosophical basis. in a theory of justice, this phase is specifically shown under the title of theory of justice. in the second phase, justice has no phil...

Developed countries with low fertility and mortality rates are already experiencing population aging and will continue to do so. Some developing countries undergoing demographic transitions are beginning to acknowledge the issues of population aging. The projected declines in fertility in other developing countries will mean substantial population aging in the future. Alternative measures for p...

The idea that trade-offs between offspring quantity and quality shape reproductive behaviour has long been central to economic perspectives on fertility. It also has a parallel and richer theoretical foundation in evolutionary ecology. We review the application of the quantity-quality trade-off concept to human reproduction, emphasizing distinctions between clutch size and lifetime fertility, a...

In this analysis we shall essentially focus on spatial differentiations emerging in two successive waves of demographic innovation in Belgium. More specifically, we shall explore to what extent the unfolding of the spatial pattern of the so-called Second Demographic Transition (SDT) from the mid-1960s onward replicated that of the historical First Demographic Transition (FDT), which essentially...

China has been an overachiever in the global process of demographic transition in the second half of the twentieth century. its mortality decline was unparalleled in human history among populations of significant size, consequently setting the stage for rapid population growth. in turn, rapid population growth laid the foundation for an unprecedented state intervention in birth control. China’s...