Several pathogenic bacteria are able to induce the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion. The A/E lesion is caused by effector proteins, such as Escherichia coli-secreted protein B (EspB), responsible together with Escherichia coli-secreted protein D for forming a pore structure on the host cell, which allows the translocation of effector proteins. Different variants of this protein can be found ...

abstract background and aims: influenza a(h5n1) viruses  circulating in animals might evolve and acquire the ability to spread from  human to human and thus start a pandemic. hemagglutinin (ha) has been shown to play a major role in binding of influenza virus to its target cell and the main neutralizing antibody responses elicit against this region. recent studies have shown that glycosylation ...

background and aims: influenza a(h5n1) viruses  circulating in animals might evolve and acquire the ability to spread from  human to human and thus start a pandemic. hemagglutinin (ha) has been shown to play a major role in binding of influenza virus to its target cell and the main neutralizing antibody responses elicit against this region. recent studies have shown that glycosylation of ha is ...

Introduction: Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) is a secreted protein, which plays an integral part in developing the nervous system. It has collapse activity on the growth cone of dorsal root ganglia. After the development of the nervous system, Sema 3A expression decreases. Neuropilin 1 is a membrane receptor of Sema 3A. When semaphorin binds to neuropilin 1, the recruitment of oligodendrocyte precurso...