*Barry Bosworth and Gary Burtless are both Senior Fellows at The Brookings Institution. Claudia Sahm is a Research Assistant at The Brookings Institution. The research reported herein was supported by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College pursuant to a grant from the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) funded as part of the Retirement Research Consortium. It is based in par...

The aim of the investigation was to determine level hardiness nurses a government hospital in Cebu City, Philippines. Hardiness is personality construct composed three characteristics: 1) control - described as belief that people could or influence events their experience; 2) commitment depicted an ability feel deeply involved activities lives; and 3) challenge illustrated anticipating change e...

A limited number of recent empirical studies suggest that inmates suffer from high rates of serious mental illness. Different explanations are offered depending on the type of institution: jail or prison. The literature is based largely on urban samples and does not offer comparisons of rates across types of institution within a single study. The present study examined a random sample of 213 ja...