The notion of “common ground” (Clark & Brennan 1991; Clark 1996) presupposes communication or conversation as “the basic setting for language use” 1996: 11). serialisation Japanese sentence-final particles is highly sensitive to the likelihood relevant utterance being part common ground. This paper reconsiders conception ground and grounding processes, investigating monologic well conversat...

background and aim: with regard to the shortage of proper materials in persian for the evaluation of speech perception in children, this study aimed to develop the persian version of the bkb sentence test, and determine its content validity in normal persian speaking children aged 6-12 years. methods: this study was an applied research. the study procedure comprised sentence construction, deter...

PURPOSE Two-year-olds produce third person singular -s more accurately on verbs in sentence-final position as compared with verbs in sentence-medial position. This study was designed to determine whether these sentence-position effects can be explained by perceptual factors. METHOD For this purpose, the authors compared 22- and 27-month-olds' perception and elicited production of third person...

Particles in Mandarin can be divided into three kinds, namely structural, aspectual, and modality or modal particles. The particles have their own functions, as well having grammatical meanings. This article discusses the of children's storybook entitled原我这么棒(Yuánlái Wύ Zhème Bàng) 'I'm So Great' by Li Huizhen. are widely used context conversation storybook, 啊 a, 吧 ba, 啦la, 了le, 啰luo, 吗ma, 嘛ma,...

Particles fullfill several distinct central roles in the Japanese language. They can mark arguments as well as adjuncts, can be functional or have semantic funtions. There is, however, no straightforward matching from particles to functions, as, e.g., ga can mark the subject, the object or an adjunct of a sentence. Particles can cooccur. Verbal arguments that could be identified by particles ca...

Sentence is a basic linguistic unit, however, little is known about how information content is distributed across different positions of a sentence. Based on authentic language data of English, the present study calculated the entropy and other entropy-related statistics for different sentence positions. The statistics indicate a three-step staircase-shaped distribution pattern, with entropy in...