bus systems are unstable without considering any control. thus, we are able to consider some control strategies to alleviate this problem. a holding control strategy is one commonly used real-time control strategy that can improve service quality. this paper develops a mathematical model for a holding control strategy. the objective of this model is to minimize the total cost related to passeng...

innovation has attracted considerable interest in recent years in improving competitive advantage for both profit and nonprofit organizations. service innovation offers the potential for substantially improving the performance, but performance gains are often obstructed by users’ unwillingness to accept and use available systems. this research aims to use the concept of reasoned action theory t...

professor naoki ikegami’s “fee-for-service payment – an evil practice that must be stamped out” summarizes many of the failings of alternatives to fee-for-service (ffs) payment systems. his article also offers several suggestions for improving ffs systems. however, even powerful arguments against many of the alternatives to ffs, does not make a convincing argument for ffs systems. in addition, ...