Competition or facilitation characterises intra- and interspecific interactions within communities of species that utilize the same resources. Temperature is an important factor influencing those interactions and eventual outcomes. The noctuid stemborers, Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis and the crambid Chilo partellus attack maize in sub-Saharan Africa. They often occur as a community of ...

Stem borers (Lepidoptera) are common cereal pests. In many parts of the world, species Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides stand out as important insect pests economically crops such maize. Their management relied mainly on transgenic host plant resistance over last 25 years. Technologies based insecticidal properties Bacillus thuringiensis-derived proteins allowed widespread pest popul...