The general effects of castration, in addition to the loss of spermatogenesis, have been known since our earliest historical records. It is not the purpose of this paper to review the earlier studies which emphasize the effects of castration of the male, of transplantation of gonads, and of cryptorchidism on the various physiological, psychical, morphological, and histological changes in the bo...

There is increased awareness of the impact of gender and gonadal steroids on human cardiac rhythm and arrhythmias; e.g., drugs that prolong repolarization induce torsades de pointes (TdP) more frequently in women than men; female gender is an independent risk factor for syncope and sudden death in the congenital long QT syndrome; and the higher propensity toward arrhythmia in normal females is ...