introduction: hyperthyroidism is a relatively common disorder caused by different etiologies. graves’ disease, and toxic-nodular goiter (plummer’s disease) are among the most common causes. treatment with radioiodine is considered to be the treatment of choice in many of the patients. higher biological half-life of ¹³¹i in hyperthyroid patients as compared with patients with differentiated thyr...

Do sexual differences in the organization of the brain exist, and if so, why? Are they caused by environment or genetics? In fact, the evidence for sexual dimorphism in the brain is compelling. In many animals, distinct differences between sexes in brain morphology have been found that are believed to be responsible for a number of the observed behavioral differences between the sexes. How do t...

Male sexual differentiation is the result of complex mechanisms involving developmental genetics and endocrinology. Formation of the bipotential gonads and subsequently the testes is dependent on a series of sex chromosome-linked and autosomal genes. The testes secrete both peptide and steroid hormones essential for the formation of internal and external genitalia. Hormone action is mediated vi...

Steroid hormones are active substances that necessary in the normal functioning of all physiological activities body, such as sexual characteristics, metabolism, and mood control. They also widely used exogenous chemicals medical pharmaceutical applications treatments at times growth promoters animal farming. The vast application steroid has resulted them being found different matrices, food, e...

Sex steroid hormones are major regulators of sexual characteristic among species. These hormones, however, are also produced in the brain. Steroidal hormone-mediated signalling via the corresponding hormone receptors can influence brain function at the cellular level and thus affect behaviour and higher brain functions. Altered steroid hormone signalling has been associated with psychiatric dis...

Steroid hormones regulate diverse physiological functions such as reproduction, blood salt balance, maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, response to stress, neuronal function and various metabolic processes. They are synthesized from cholesterol mainly in the adrenal gland and gonads in response to tissue-specific tropic hormones. These steroidogenic tissues are unique in that they ...

conclusions it seems that noise pollution has harmful effects on the fertility of males. also these findings may suggest the use of a natural curative approach rather than pharmaceutical drugs to optimize both neuroendocrine gonadal axis and testicular integrity induced by pathogenesis stress, and enhance fertility capacity in men. background this study was conducted to examine the efficacy of ...