Discussion: Sham TMS is a tradeoff between competing quality criteria. So far, the applied sham conditions accepted a reduced cortex stimulation effect to imitate the sensations of verum stimulation. We here focused on the development of a sham condition with only minor cortex stimulation. This was achieved by using a mu-metal shield between a double-coil arrangement. With two coils of the same...

Background In cardiomyocytes, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) type 3 and 4 are the predominant enzymes that degrade cAMP generated by β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), impacting notably regulation of L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L). Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is accompanied a reduction in PDE3 PDE4, however, whether this affects dynamic cytosolic ICa,L not known. Methods Results CH was induced rats thoracic ...

O of the most fundamental tensions within clinical research arises from the need to balance the goal of advancing the frontiers of science in order to improve the standard of care available to future persons with the goal of responding with diligence and compassion to the important interests and health needs of the research participants who make such progress possible (Jonas 1969; see also Lond...