although filling the gap in reading comprehension gained momentum with the rise of the top-down approach, vygotsky’ concept of scaffolding and the dual code  theory provided a strong support for the use of paratext to enhance comprehension. scaffolding is dependent on other-regulation, one type of which is object-regulation. from this vantage-point, various types of paratext can function as sou...

We present a formula of short-circuit power dissipation for static CMOS logic gates. By representing shortcircuit current by a piece-wise linear function and considering a current owing from input node to output node through gate capacitances, the accuracy is improved signi cantly. The error of our formula in a CMOS inverter is less than 15% from circuit simulation in many cases of our experime...

This paper reports the results from a study on spreadsheet program use conducted in several departments within a city administration. Fourteen volunteer participants began the study by taking a two-day course on the spreadsheet program in question. The purpose of t.he project was to study spreadsheet program use longitudinally in a natural setting. That only three of the fourteen participants b...

Steganography is the discipline that deals with concealing the existence of secret communications. Existing research already provided several fundamentals for defining steganography and presented a multitude of hiding methods and countermeasures for this research discipline. Contribution. We identified that no work exists that discusses the process of applying steganography from an individual’s...

Johnny Carson as long time host of the Tonight show often appeared in the spoof role of Carnac the Magni cent, a mentalist who could magically read the contents of a sealed envelope. This is in fact a well known stock-in-trade trick of the mentalist's craft, known as billet reading . Here we propose a cryptographic solution to the problem of billet reading, apparently allowing a ciphertext to b...

The paper focuses on several different short-circuit calculation methods and standards/guidelines. Special attention is paid to modelling enhancements of a typical steady state short circuit calculation to take into account the impact of AC and DC decay. Several networks were used to test these enhancements and the findings are summarised on a representative section of a genuine distribution ne...

In some short circuit studies, the X/R ratio is ignored when comparing the short circuit rating of the equipment to the available fault current at the equipment. What is not always realized is that when lowvoltage gear is tested, it is tested at a certain X/R ratio. The X/R ratio is important because it determines the peak asymmetrical fault current. The asymmetrical fault current can be much l...

The effects of additives on the quasi-Fermi levels (QFL) of TiO(2) films in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) were investigated by a direct method. We observed that the values of QFL of TiO(2) at short circuit and open circuit are different and found for the first time the linear relationships between QFL shifts at short circuit and open circuit induced by 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP), and that t...

Although filling the gap in reading comprehension gained momentum with the rise of the top-down approach, Vygotsky’ concept of scaffolding and the dual code  theory provided a strong support for the use of paratext to enhance comprehension. Scaffolding is dependent on other-regulation, one type of which is object-regulation. From this vantage-point, various types of paratext can function as sou...

protection systems have vital role in network reliability in short circuit mode and proper operating for relays. current transformer often in transient and saturation under short circuit mode causes mal-operation of relays which will have undesirable effects. therefore, proper and quick identification of current transformer saturation is so important. in this paper, an artificial neural network...