cancer stem cells (csc) are the tumor-associated cells existed within tumors or hematological cancers which share characteristics similar to normal stem cells. the common characteristics of a normal stem cell and a csc are their differentiation capacity and self-renewal in tumors. the expression pattern of csc markers differs depending on the type and location of cancers. cd molecules are proba...

thrombin is a multifunctional enzyme which has key roles in coagulation cascade and inflammatory events. the pro-inflammatory functions of thrombin occur by different mechanisms including increasing mast cell degranulation, up-regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules (cams) and promoting the secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. dysregulated signaling functions of thro...

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only toxic agents but also potent signaling molecules. NADPH oxidases the sole enzymes to generate ROS playing an important role in redox signaling. They closely interact several ways with hypoxia-inducible transcription factors of HIF family. This network is active under normoxic and hypoxic conditions as regulator homeostasis. Members oxidases-HI...

Signaling among rhizobacteria and other soil microorganisms is an important mechanism to ensure a successful symbiotic relationship with their phytobionts. Quorum-sensing involves signaling molecules that provide essential networks for communication in the rhizosphere. These relay inter-and-intra-species information coordinates controls behavior mixed communities, expression of these changes re...