this paper tries to test the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in former soviet :union: countries after their independence in 1991. it has become an article of faith in most economic and political circles that opening up the economy to international trade will produce substantial benefits in terms of greater consumer choice and higher living standards. higher productivity ...

Since declaring its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Kyrgyzstan has undergone a substantial transition period marked by major reforms in the cultural, socio-political, legal, and economic environment. These developments have turned Kyrgyzstan into one of the most advanced investment destinations in Central Asia. Yet, Kyrgyzstan has not been able to receive the high levels of foreign ...

When India became a republic in 1950, the economy was primarily agrarian, with three-fifths of output originating from agriculture. In sixty years since independence, there has been significant transformation economic activity away agriculture, less than one-fifth now agriculture and rest manufacturing services. Since 1980s, along structural change, strong growth, till 2010, followed by period ...

Since regaining its independence in 1991, Estonia has conducted radical health system reforms. The Estonian health system is based on mandatory, solidarity-based insurance and universal access to health services made available by providers operating under private law with primary health care (PHC) playing a central role. The financing of health care is mainly organized through the semi-autonomo...