Despite a number of papers that discuss the advantages of increased size on risk levels in real estate portfolios there is remarkably little empirical evidence based on actual portfolios. The objective of this paper is to remedy this deficiency by examining the portfolio risk of a large sample of actual property data over the period 1981 to 1996. The results show that all that can be said is th...

An interim drainage structure provides a short service during the construction months of the permanent drainage structure. This study presents a risk cost approach by which the design flood for an interim drainage structure can be derived from the capacity of the permanent structure, cost-capacity ratio, cost-damage ratio, and construction months during a year. To accommodate various constructi...