Results: At birth and at six months the mean serum Zinc level in the study and control group was 0.87±0.398, 1.03±0.567, 0.88±0.248, 0.83±0.355mg/L respectively. The SZnR 6/B is significantly higher in study group as compared to controls (1.153 ± 0.55 Vs 0.913±0.438, p<0.01) suggesting better maintained serum zinc levels in zinc supplemented infants. Zinc supplemented exclusively breast fed inf...

AIM This study examined the long-term cognitive and educational outcomes of being born small for gestational age (SGA) and assessed whether the family's attitude towards education modified the effect of being born SGA on educational attainment. METHODS We used anonymised data on 9598 individuals from the Stockholm Birth Cohort. This study focused on babies born in 1953 in the Stockholm metrop...

BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with some adverse pregnancy outcomes but its relationship with fetal growth is unknown. OBJECTIVE We compared the 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels between mothers and their small for gestational age (SGA) newborns with mothers and their appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population include...

BACKGROUND This study was taken up to identify the main types of low birth weight (LBW) for the development of weight for gestational age charts relevant to the country/regional level for the formulation of preventive strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of mothers registered by Public Health Midwives (PHMs) from two Medical Officers of Health (MOH) areas in Colombo district were follow...

Recent scholarship points to a protective association between green space and birth outcomes as well a positive relationship between blue space and wellbeing. We add to this body of literature by exploring the relationship between expectant mothers' exposure to green and blue spaces and adverse birth outcomes in New York City. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the NYC Street Tr...

Objectives To estimate small for gestational age birth prevalence and attributable neonatal mortality in low and middle income countries with the INTERGROWTH-21st birth weight standard.Design Secondary analysis of data from the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), including 14 birth cohorts with gestational age, birth weight, and neonatal follow-up. Small for gestational age was d...

OBJECTIVES Higher than expected small for gestational age (SGA) rates and lower than expected large for gestational age (LGA) rates have been observed. A possible explanation is a leftward shift of percentile curves for birth weight due to a systematic error in plotting birth weight values in charts (ie, plotting weekly mean birth weight data at the beginning of the weeks). Our objectives were ...

OBJECTIVE To undertake an observational study to see whether first trimester placental vascularity, measured with a standardized power Doppler index: 3D-FMBV, is different in pregnancies which either develop pre-eclampsia or lead to term, normotensive small for gestational age (SGA) babies. METHODS Women were scanned between 11 and 13+6 weeks. The placental volume (sPlaV) was estimated using ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of being born preterm or small for gestational age (SGA) on several adult outcomes. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed data for 4518 adult participants in 5 birth cohorts from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa. RESULTS In the study population, 12.8% of males and 11.9% of females were born preterm, and 26.8% of males and 22.4% of females were bo...

Human diseases developed during pregnancy could be caused by the direct effects of both maternal and fetal genes, and/or by the indirect effects caused by genetic conflicts. Genetic conflicts exist when the effects of fetal genes are opposed by the effects of maternal genes, or when there is a conflict between the maternal and paternal genes within the fetal genome. The two types of genetic con...