A new procedure for determining the amount of venom ejected by a bite of a poisonous snake was established. The procedure consists of exposing a fresh piece of rabbit muscle to an attack by a poisonous nake, extracting the injected venom from the piece, determining the toxic activity of the extract and calculating the amount of venom ejected. We confirmed that about 90 % of the injected venom w...

Among snake venom procoagulant proteins, group II prothrombin activators are functionally similar to blood coagulation factor Xa. We have purified and partially characterized the enzymatic properties of trocarin, the group II prothrombin activator from the venom of the Australian elapid, Tropidechis carinatus (rough-scaled snake). Prothrombin activation by trocarin is enhanced by Ca21, phosphol...

We analyzed the origin and evolution of snake venom toxin families represented in both viperid and elapid snakes by means of phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of the toxins and related nonvenom proteins. Out of eight toxin families analyzed, five provided clear evidence of recruitment into the snake venom proteome before the diversification of the advanced snakes (Kunitz-type pr...

Introduction: Many molecules can be labeled by iodine. Some of labeled substances are used for investigations of cancer treatment, biodistribution study in body, receptor binding, secrete pathway etc. Peptides are biomolecules and can be labeled by 131Iodine. ICD- 85 is a tri-peptide derived from Iranian brown snake venom and scorpion venom. This tri-peptide treats cancer by i...

Snake venom possesses various kinds of proteins and neurotoxic polypeptides, which can negatively interfere with the neurotransmitter signaling cascade. This phenomenon occurs mainly due to the blocking of ion channels in the body system. Envenomation prevents or severely interrupts nerve impulses from being transmitted, inhibition of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and proper functioning of ...

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Mikania glomerata Spreng (Asteraceae) on the activity of Bothrops jararaca snake venom in Wistar rats. METHODS Fifty four rats Wistar were divided into six groups of nine animals in each: control treated with saline; control treated with B. jararaca venom; control treated with M. glomerata extract; B. jararaca venom incubate...

Most snake venom toxins are proteins, and participate to envenomation through a diverse array of bioactivities, such as bleeding, inflammation, and pain, cytotoxic, cardiotoxic or neurotoxic effects. The venom of a single snake species contains hundreds of toxins, and the venoms of the 725 species of venomous snakes represent a large pool of potentially bioactive proteins. Despite considerable ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features and laboratory findings in patients with definite red-bellied black snake (RBBS; Pseudechis porphyriacus) bites, including correlation with results of venom assays. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING Prospective cohort study of patients with definite RBBS bites, recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project from January 2002 to June 2010. MAIN OUTCOME M...

neutralization effects of acorus calamus and withania somnifera root extracts were tested against echis carinatus venom. both plant extracts were effectively neutralized the various pharmacological activities induced by echis carinatus venom. about 0.14 mg of acorus calamus and 0.16 mg of withania somnifera root extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2ld 50 of echis ...

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active proteins and peptides. Many affect haemostasis by activating or inhibiting coagulant factors or platelets, or by disrupting endothelium. Snake venom components are classified into various families, such as serine proteases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectin-like proteins, disintegrins and phospholipases. Snake venom C-type lectin-like pro...