Due to the simplicity and performance of zk-SNARKs they are widely used in real-world cryptographic protocols, including blockchain smart contract systems. Simulation Extractability (SE) is a necessary security property for NIZK argument achieve Universal Composability (UC), common requirement such protocols. Most works that investigate SE focus on its strong variant which implies proof non-mal...

This paper addresses a new lattice-based designated zk-SNARK having the smallest proof size in amortized sense, from linear-only ring learning with error (RLWE) encodings. We first generalize quadratic arithmetic programming (QAP) over finite field to ring-variant polynomial Z p [X]/(X <sup xmln...

One of the most important tools for assessing hardness assumptions in cryptography is the Generic Group Model (GGM). Over the past two decades, numerous assumptions have been analyzed within this model. While a proof in the GGM can certainly provide some measure of confidence in an assumption, its scope is rather limited since it does not capture group-specific algorithms that make use of the r...

In "The Snark is a Boojum", Beach [Beach, F.A., 1950. The snark was a boojum. American Psychologist. 5, 115-124] famously asserted that animal psychology embraced too few species and too few problems to deserve the name comparative. Later in the 20th century, others [e.g. Kamil, A.C., 1988. A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. In: Leger, D.W. (Ed.), Comparative Perspectives...

Zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARKs) have emerged as a valuable tool for verifiable computation and privacy preserving protocols. Currently practical schemes require a common reference string (CRS) to be constructed in a one-time setup for each statement. Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Green, Tromer and Virza [5] devised a multi-party protocol to securely compute such...

Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and diabetes complications pose a growing medical challenge worldwide, accentuating the need of safe and effective strategies for their clinical management. Here we present preclinical evidence that the sorbitol derivative meglumine (N-methyl-D-glucamine) can safely protect against several features of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, as well as elicit enhancement in...