Theoretically, western sociologists discussed the topic involving khamr drinking in context of social deviance related to addiction and causes that harm others, such as accident driving, violence, crime. The interpretation is up norm certain groups society’s culture because discussion system limited interaction between humans only. However, from Islamic viewpoint totally different it based on i...

BACKGROUND The connection between religion/spirituality and deviance, like substance abuse, was first made by Durkheim who defined socially expected behaviors as norms. He explained that deviance is due in large part to their absence (called anomie), and concluded that spirituality lowers deviance by preserving norms and social bonds. Impairments in brain reward circuitry, as observed in Reward...

Fifteen children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) (mean age 12.7 years) were compared to mental age matched normal children on matching a context to its appropriate emotion. PDD children were slightly but significantly impaired on this task relative to a non-social task equated for difficulty. Both matching tasks were highly correlated with cognitive variables; the social matching t...

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BACKGROUND Conduct disorder (CD) and peer deviance (PD) both powerfully predict future externalizing behaviors. Although levels of CD and PD are strongly correlated, the causal relationship between them has remained controversial and has not been examined by a genetically informative study. METHOD Levels of CD and PD were assessed in 746 adult male-male twin pairs at personal interview for ag...

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