The goal of this study was to analyse the effect sonoreactor dimensions on effectiveness ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) bioactive substances from rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Sonication carried out with a VC750 Sonics processor at following amplitudes ultrasound: 12, 24, and 36 µm. frequency ultrasound 20 kHz. Extraction conducted in 2 s on–4 off pulse system. total phenolic content antio...

Upon pathogen attack, fruit trees such as apple (Malus spp.) and pear (Pyrus spp.) accumulate biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins, with aucuparin as a major biphenyl compound. 4-Hydroxylation of the biphenyl scaffold, formed by biphenyl synthase (BIS), is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 (CYP). The biphenyl 4-hydroxylase (B4H) coding sequence of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) was isolated and functi...

Abstract Bird irruptions are thought to be triggered by a combination of lack food in the regular distribution range and high population density (push factors). Recent studies have also suggested that may drawn towards areas with availability (pull factor). The Bohemian Waxwing ( Bombycilla garrulus ) is an irruptive species large annual variation numbers reaching southern during winter. I used...

The browsing of wild ungulates can have profound effects on the structure and composition forests. In Swiss National Park, density ungulates, including red deer (Cervus elaphus), ibex (Capra ibex), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), is exceptionally high due to strict protection absence large predators. We examined count data larch (Larix decidua), cembra pine (Pinus cembra), spruce (Picea abies), ...