temperature is one of the effective parameters in erosion of spark plug electrodes. in this research, temperature of spark plug was measured in engine's different operation conditions with two types of fuels: compressed natural gas and gasoline. test results showed that, temperature of center electrode is lower than ground electrode and maximum difference between them is 110ºc that occurs ...

In the mid 1980s the monolithic nature of building energy simulation programs led to proposals for development of so-called "kernel systems," i.e., software environments that would make available to developers basic software modules and a supporting framework that could be used to construct new building simulation software. One of the outcomes of the ensuing work was the Simulation Problem Anal...

Aims The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2þ release channel homotetramer harbours 21 potentially redox-sensitive cysteine residues on each subunit and may act as a sensor for reactive oxygen species (ROS), linking ROS homeostasis to the regulation of Ca2þ signalling. In cardiac myocytes, arrayed RyRs or Ca2þ release units are packed in the close proximity of mitochondria, the primary source ...

Calcium sparks in cardiac myocytes are brief, localized calcium releases from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) believed to be caused by locally regenerative calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) via couplons, clusters of ryanodine receptors (RyRs). How such regeneration is terminated is uncertain. We performed numerical simulations of an idealized stochastic model of spark production, assuming ...

The spark advance determines the efficiency of spark-ignited (SI) engines by positioning the combustion in relation to the piston motion. Today’s spark-advance controllers are open-loop systems that measure parameters that effect the sparkadvance setting and compensate for their effects. Several parameters influence the best spark-advance setting but it would be too expensive to measure and acc...

This paper reports the results of a study into the effectiveness of the SPARK toolset for showing the absence of run-time errors in safety-critical Ada software. In particular, the toolset is examined to determine how effective it is in finding run-time errors in a SPARK program, and how much of the process of proving freedom from run-time errors can be performed automatically. The study identi...

This paper deals with highlighting the improvisations in the working of a two-wheeled four stroke internal combustion engines. The efficiency of these small engines were enhanced with increased power output just by increasing the number of fuel igniting element i.e. Spark Plug. Conventional engines employed a single spark plug in its engine for igniting the mixture of fuel and air. But to have ...

The ef®ciencies of methods employed in solution of building simulation models are considered and compared by means of benchmark testing. Direct comparisons between the Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel (SPARK) and the HVACSIM‡ programs are presented, as are results for SPARK versus conventional and sparse matrix methods. An indirect comparison between SPARK and the IDA program is ...

Nowadays, many data analytics and machine learning problems contain millions or billions of training data and parameter data, it is obvious that the Distributed Processing mode is the only choice for many applications. Within DAAL's framework, the communication layer of the Distributed Processing mode is left to the users, which could be Hadoop, Spark, MPI, or any of the user-defined middleware...

Most points-to analysis research has been done on different systems by different groups, making it difficult to compare results, and to understand interactions between individual factors each group studied. Furthermore, points-to analysis for Java has been studied much less thoroughly than for C, and the tradeoffs appear very different. We introduce SPARK, a flexible framework for experimenting...