A previous study (Hwang et al., 2011) found evidence for semantic guidance of visual attention during the inspection of real-world scenes, i.e., an influence of semantic relationships among scene objects on overt shifts of attention. In particular, the results revealed an observer bias toward gaze transitions between semantically similar objects. However, these results are not necessarily indic...

iron is an essential nutrients in rice. accurate assessment of this element in paddy soils is very important. improving fertility management, accurate interpolation, being aware of spatial variability and patterns of distribution of micronutrients are the most important factors in soil management and accurate consumption of fertilizers. this study was done for investigating of available iron, d...

Topological relationships are the most important spatial relationships in geographical information science (GIS). There are many models of spatial relationships; the most popular model of them is 9-intersection model (9IM). There are two main problems in 9intersection model: topological paradox and linear dependency. We solve the problem of topological paradox by using the lower dimensional par...

The present study examines the spatial dependency of soil organic matter and nutrients in paddy fields at three different scales using geostatistics and geographic information system techniques (GIS). The spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) has been characterized using a total of 460, 131 and 64 samples that were, respectively, col...

There are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. In the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using Passive Avoidance shuttle box and Morris Water Maze tasks were investigated, respectively. Male rats received morphi...

Introduction: It has been reported that oral morphine dependency facilitated formation of spatial learning and memory. In the present study the role of NMDA receptors located in hippocampal CA1 area of morphine dependent rats was studied. Methods: Male rats were divided into 4 groups. Two cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 area. After 5 days recover...

This vignette describes how to use plw, an R implementation of the Probe level Locally moderated Weighted median-t (PLW) method (Åstrand et al., 2007a) for finding differentially expressed genes. PLW uses an empirical Bayes model taking into account the dependency between variability and intensity-level. A global covariance matrix is also used allowing for differing variances between arrays as ...

This study develops a linear mixed model (LMM) that includes spatial effects between regions with autoregressive (SAR model). Between observations (regions) on LMM are usually assumed to be independent. However, these assumptions not always fulfilled due dependency regions. There two important parts in modeling: dependence and heterogeneity. In this study, we concerned the lag or SAR models bec...