Random field theory is used in the statistical analysis of SPM’s whenever there is a spatial component to the inference. Most important is the question of detecting an effect or activation at an unknown spatial location. Very often we do not know in advance where to look for an effect, and we are interested in searching the whole brain, or part of it. This presents special statistical problems ...

introduction: under the principles of international law, no state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause damage to the environment of other states. spatial econometrics provides a powerful tool to assess the influence of the pollution of neighboring countries on a country's pollution level. spatial spillover effects play a significant role in a...

To explore the effect of spatial locality, crowding differential evolution is incorporated with spatial locality for multimodal optimization. Instead of random trial vector generations, it takes advantages of spatial locality to generate fitter trial vectors. Experiments were conducted to compare the proposed algorithm (CrowdingDE-L) with the state-of-the-art algorithms. Further experiments wer...