Insecticide resistance has been known to be prevalent in several insect species including mosquito. It has become a major problem in vector control programs due to pesticide resistance through detoxification enzymes. The present study aimed to compare between the larvicidal action of some organophosphorus insecticides (fenitrothion, malathion and temephos) commonly used in larval control progra...

Spinosad is a novel insect control agent derived by fermentation of the Actinomycete bacterium, Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad controls many caterpillar pests in vines, pome fruit and vegetables (including tomatoes and peppers), thrips in tomatoes, peppers and ornamental cultivation and dipterous leafminers in vegetables and ornamentals. Application rates vary between 25 to 100 g of active...

Objective: To determine if, in patients with head lice, spinosad cream rinse is more effective than permethrin. Design: Two identical, multicenter, randomized, evaluator/investigator-blinded, active-controlled trials. Setting: Twelve clinical research centers from the United States. Patients: People older than 6 months with live lice infestation as assessed by an evaluator. Intervention: Cluste...

Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure...

BACKGROUND Polyketides, such as spinosad, are mainly synthesized in the stationary phase of the fermentation. The synthesis of these compounds requires many primary metabolites, such as acetyl-CoA, propinyl-CoA, NADPH, and succinyl-CoA. Their synthesis is also significantly influenced by NADH/NAD+. Rex is the sensor of NADH/NAD+ redox state, whose structure is under the control of NADH/NAD+ rat...

In the present study, bioefficacy of spinosad (56.25, 72 and 90 g a.i. ha -1 ) and emamectin benzoate (5, 6.25 and 12.5 g a.i.ha -1 ) was studied in comparison to cypermethrin (50 g a.i. ha -1 ) and selfformulated neem seed extract (5 %). Field experiments were undertaken for two cropping seasons during kharif 2005 and summer 2006. From the study it was found that spinosad afforded moderate con...

The effectiveness of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae was evaluated in a tire dump in Allende, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Three groups of 12 to 17 tires located in tree shade were utilized for this study. After the larvicides were applied, samples were collected weekly from 7 randomly chosen tires. The data showed a significant difference between the larvicides and control. Und...

The histochemical effects of the lethal concentration that kills 50% of larvae (LC50) of three biological agents, abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis and spinosad on the carbohydrates (polysaccharides), proteins, nucleic acids and lipids content of the midgut and fat bodies of Culex pipiens 2nd instar larvae were studied. The results showed that the three tested compounds reduced the carbohydrate...

World-wide dengue vector control is hampered by the spread of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti. We report the resistance status of a wild Ae. aegypti population from Martinique (Vauclin) to conventional larvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis [Bti] and temephos) and potential alternatives (spinosad, diflubenzuron, and pyriproxyfen). The efficacy and residual activity of these...

Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam (first and second generation neonicotinoid insecticides), and spinosad (a naturally derived biorational insecticide) were evaluated in the laboratory against adult eye gnats, Liohippelates collusor (Townsend), using two modes of exposure. Ingestion experiments revealed that toxicity was the highest for thiamethoxam (Platinum soluble concentrate) followed by technical ...