Divergent natural selection regimes can contribute to adaptive population divergence, but can be sensitive to human-mediated environmental change. Nutrient loading of aquatic ecosystems, for example, might modify selection pressures by altering the abundance and distribution of resources and the prevalence and infectivity of parasites. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to test for interactive...

Cloke et al. (2006) discuss an interesting topic of runoff generation, a central theme in hydrology. While their numerical experiment reproduced the physical experiment of Abdul and Gillham (1984) with good agreement, I feel that their proposed generalization of the model results to more realistic natural settings of riparian zones is not perfectly well supported. This is so because the stream ...

Fourth-order stream-function methods are proposed for the time dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations. Wide difference stencils are used instead of compact ones and the boundary terms are handled by extrapolating the stream-function values inside the computational domain to grid points outside, up to fourth-order in the noslip condition. Formal error analysis is done f...

A multistream model for spinless electrons in a relativistic quantum plasma is introduced by means of a suitable fluidlike version of the Klein-Gordon-Maxwell system. The one- and two-stream cases are treated in detail. A new linear instability condition for two-stream quantum plasmas is obtained, generalizing the previously known nonrelativistic results. In both the one- and two-stream cases, ...

the subject we discussion about are nucleation and meta stable phenomena’s , superheat liquids , supercold liquids and meanwhile  applications of this liquids. all in all meta stable situation can occur in three condition: first while changing liquid phase to gas phase by heating , second changing liquid phase to solid phase by cooling , third while moving water stream in subsonic nozzles or su...

the understanding soil erosion processes and the development of accurate erosion prediction models require understanding of detachment, deposition and sediment transport in rills. to evaluate the effect of soil type and flow stream power on the relative importance of flow driven processes of sediment transport, and on the boundary between the processes regarding to particle size, experiments we...

In order to minimize the impacts on fish of human activities such as logging, agriculture, and urbanization, managers must understand and be able to accurately monitor how these activities affect fish habitat. Specifically, it is necessary to understand what habitat factors are affected, what habitat factors are limiting to fish abundance, how these factors interact with each other and which ar...

The ability to classify the biological condition of unsurveyed streams accurately would be an asset to the conservation and management of streams. We compared the ability of 5 modeling methods (classification and regression trees, conditional inference trees, random forests [RF], conditional random forests [cRF], and ordinal logistic regression) to predict stream biological condition (very poor...