Intrathecal drug and gene vector delivery is a procedure to release a solute within the cerebrospinal fluid. This procedure is currently used in clinical practice and shows promise for treatment of several central nervous system pathologies. However, intrathecal delivery protocols and systems are not yet optimized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of injection parameters on ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic, analgesic and clinical effects associated with intrathecal administration of propofol in sheep. Five, healthy adult non-pregnant Awassi sheep were used in the study. Propofol (2.85 mg/kg; n = 4) or normal saline (control, n = 1) was administered into the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. Animals were assessed cl...

Neuroinflammation is a well-recognized consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and may be responsible for important complications of SAH. Signaling by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in microglia plays a critical role in neuronal damage after SAH. Three molecules derived from erythrocyte breakdown have been postulated to be endogenous TLR4 ligands: methemoglo...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Painful phenomenon is one of the most important and complex experiences. Phentolamine is a non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of increasing doses of phentolamine into subarachnoid space in rats in the modulation of painful phenomenon. METHODS 84 male Wistar rats were divided into formalin and plantar incis...

The need for information about the fate of a spinal anaesthetic after its introduction into the spinal theca was early recognized (Miller, 1901), but many years elapsed before the problem was seriously studied by a number of workers, including Stout (1929), Kustner and Eissner (1930), Koster et al. (1936, 1938, 1939), Bullock and Macdonald (1938), and Shields (1942). In the main these workers a...

Epidural catheter (EC) migration is well documented entity in literature. However, most of these reports are consistent with introduction of Tuohy needle, either partially or completely, into intravascular, subdural and subarachnoid spaces prior to the placement of catheter. We report an intra-operative delayed migration of epidural catheter into subarachnoid space after apparently normal needl...

BACKGROUND The elderly represent a unique challenge for the effects of regional anesthesia, and very few cases of block onset delay have been described. Their delayed response is attributed to a number of factors that include: Physiologic deterioration, musculoskeletal contractures, degenerative joint disease, autonomic regulatory dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, altered pharmacokinetics, an...