the islamic economic system, in order to implement justice and prevent the emergence of wide gaps among social classes, prohibits wealth accumulation (iktinaz), and the holy qur'an explicitly promises punishment for it. many fughaha and commentators of the holy qur'an maintain that the forbidden iktinaz only is established by accumulating wealth and avoidance of paying its zakat. howe...

privacy is the realm and territory of every person's characteristics and behaviors which is not disclosed to the public and in the first stage, it is allocated to a particular person which he is not also inclined to disclose this privacy to others. people cannot tolerate any kind of others' entrance and supervision on this domain. they indicate reactions to the strangers' interfe...

one of discussions about bill of exchange is whether its consideration (provision fr.) , that is the money which is or will be payable in a due date, is transferred to its holder. acceptance or rejection of the transfer of consideration has many important consequences. there are various theories about the question among iranian as well as other lawyers. due to the similarities between the comme...

judicial reconsideration refers to the process that should obligations of parties of a contract become unequal due to some unexpected accident, the judge would reconsider articles of the contract on the basis of a general judgment in the law, a juristic rule, or verdicts of jurists. there are some opinions as to justification of judicial reconsideration some of which being that of implicit cond...

Gerald Postema offers a gentle but damning critique of contemporary analytic jurisprudence for being antisocial , anti-philosophical, ahistorical, and, ultimately, mistaken not only about the province of jurisprudence but the nature of law. He also offers an elegant restatement of what jurisprudence with a wider ambition must be like; and it is a jurisprudence in which time and history are cent...

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majority of shi‘a jurists believe in the absoluteunlawfulness of woman’s leaving home withoutpermission of the spouse unless for mandatory duties.following majority’s opinion, a good number of lawyershave maintained that woman’s leaving home withoutpermission of the spouse for any purpose is not allowed.in the present essay, proofs concerning this problem,including qur’anic verses, hadiths, and...

when a crime occurs in society, albeit small, first it endangers the society and creates chaos in the society; in the second place, it make people feel pity for who was assaulted. if the victims are children of the community, we expect it to take action very quickly. this research is not about juvenile delinquency and not to criminalize children but to scrutinize how the crimes are performed ag...

saving patients' lives is an important duty for physicians. regardless of the level of a physician’s skills, there is always a possibility of damage or loss in patients’ life. in jurisprudence, there is a dispute as to whether a physician is responsible if he commits medical mistakes in the course of treatment. some scholars believe that a physician is always responsible for damages related to ...