The resolution of present day computed tomography (CT) scanners routinely permits discrimination of gray from white matter with delineation of a gray-white matter interface. Superficially situated extraaxial masses usually preserve the gray-white interface and tend to compress and/or buckle adjacent edematous white matter. This does not occur with superficially situated intraaxial lesions and i...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to describe the feasibility and efficacy of the laparoscopic upper vaginectomy (LUV) in vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia(VAIN) and superficially invasive vaginal carcinoma. METHODS We studied patients with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) 2, VAIN 3, and superficially invasive vaginal carcinoma after hysterectomy who have been under laparoscopic upp...

Operating parameters and membrane characteristics strongly affect the performance of electrodialysis reversal systems. The most impactful factors are applied voltage, flow rate, temperature, initial feed composition, and ion exchange membrane characteristics; the pH of the feed also has an effect, although to a lesser extent. To determine more precisely how all of these factors impact performan...

Cognitive work analysis and cognitive task analysis approach the analysis of decisions in ways that are at least superficially dissimilar. In this paper, I review the two approaches, work (or control) task analysis and naturalistic decision making, to identify similarities and differences, and I assess the implications of looking at decisions from these two different perspectives. I conclude th...

Learners often struggle to grasp the important, central principles of complex systems, which describe how interactions between individual agents can produce complex, aggregate-level patterns. Learners have even more difficulty transferring their understanding of these principles across superficially dissimilar instantiations of the principles. Here, we provide evidence that teaching high school...