For an l-graph G, the Turán number ex(n,G) is the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex l-graph H containing no copy of G. The limit π(G) = limn→∞ ex (n,G)/ ( n l ) is known to exist [8]. The Ramsey-Turán density ρ(G) is defined similarly to π(G) except that we restrict to only those H with independence number o(n). A result of Erdős and Sós [3] states that π(G) = ρ(G) as long as for every edg...

A population of cool dwarfs with extreme rotational velocities (vsin i ∼ > 100 km/sec) is present in young open clusters. ROSAT observations have shown that these very fast rotators exhibit a level of X-ray activity a factor of 3–5 below the saturated level which is usually observed (both in X-rays and other magnetic activity indicators) for ‘normally’ fast rotators. This phenomenon has been de...

The claim that classical nucleation theory (CNT) correctly predicts the dependence on supersaturation of the steady-state rate of homogeneous nucleation is reexamined in light of recent experimental studies of nucleation of a range of substances, including water, argon, nitrogen, and several 1-alcohols. Based on these studies (which include, for water, a compilation of nine different studies), ...

Recent observations of the growth of protein crystals have identified two different growth regimes. At low supersaturation, the surface of the crystal is smooth and increasing in size due to the nucleation of steps at defects and the subsequent growth of the steps. At high supersaturation, nucleation occurs at many places simultaneously, the crystal surface becomes rough, and the growth velocit...

We describe a dual diffusion chamber for observing ice crystal growth from water vapor in air as a function of temperature and supersaturation. In the first diffusion chamber, thin c-axis ice needles with tip radii ∼ 100 nm are grown to lengths of ∼ 2 mm. The needle crystals are then transported to a second diffusion chamber where the temperature and supersaturation can be independently control...

Electrospark deposition (ESD) was studied to investigate the possibility of forming non-equilibrium microstructures in Al alloy systems. The results have demonstrated that the level of supersaturation is system-dependent. The Al-10 wt% Mg system exhibited a complete supersaturation, while the Al-Si system had a supersaturation level reaching about 1wt%. The ESD process was also used to demonstr...

The currently used “kinetic-fractionation” (KF) model of the differential incorporation of water-molecule isotopologues into vapor-grown ice omits surface processes on crystal facets that may be important in temperature reconstructions. This article introduces the “surface-kinetic” fractionation model, a model that includes such surface processes, and shows that differences in deposition coeffi...

A ghost interface simulation technique is developed and applied to supersaturated Lennard-Jones liquid-vapor interfaces. It is shown that the surface tension decreases approximately linearly with the supersaturation ratio and that it vanishes at the spinodal. The effect leads to a curvature-dependent surface tension since, it is argued, the local supersaturation of the vapor above a droplet is ...

The formulation development for poorly soluble drugs still remains a challenge. Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) or drug delivery systems based on supersaturating provide a promising way to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In supersaturable formulations, drug concentration exceeds the equilibrium solubility when exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, and ...

Serum oxalate rises in uremia because of decreased renal clearance, and crystals of calcium oxalate occur in the tissues of uremic patients. Crystal formation suggests that either uremic serum is supersaturated with calcium oxalate, or local oxalate production or accumulation causes regional supersaturation. To test the first alternative, we ultrafiltered uremic serum and measured supersaturati...