Two experiments (N=136) studied how 4- to 6-month-olds perceive a simple schematic event, seen as goal-directed action and reaction from 3 years of age. In our causal reaction event, a red square moved toward a blue square, stopping prior to contact. Blue began to move away before red stopped, so that both briefly moved simultaneously at a distance. Primarily, our study sought to determine from...

This study investigated infants' ability to use facial expressions to predict the expressers' subsequent cooperative behavior. To explore this problem, Experiment 1 tested 10- and 14-month-olds (N = 16, respectively) by using a violation-of-expectation procedure. In the experiment, all infants were first familiarized with two models, one with a happy facial expression and the other with an angr...

In 3 experiments, the authors examined whether a single act of testimony can inform children's subsequent information seeking. In Experiment 1, participants saw one informant give a correct and another informant give an incorrect answer to a question, assessed who was right (wrong), and decided to whom to address a 2nd question. Adults and 7-year-olds but not 4-year-olds selected the previously...

in this paper, for the purpose of investigating horizontal sound propagation, based on the results obtained from practical measurements in the strait of hormoz and available data on sound speed variations at different depths, a comprehensive model for shallow water multipath underwater acoustic channel is presented. mathematical modeling of multipath effect is based on ray theory and the image ...

Low frequency (O(10 Hz-10 kHz)) vibration excitation of capillary waves has been extensively studied for nearly two centuries. Such waves appear at the excitation frequency or at rational multiples of the excitation frequency through nonlinear coupling as a result of the finite displacement of the wave, most often at one-half the excitation frequency in so-called Faraday waves and twice this fr...

results of velocity structure modeling in the earth's crust using a comparison approach of receiver function analysis and joint inversion of receiver functions with surface wave dispersion data are presented in this paper. seismograms of the teleseismic events that have been recorded on a broadband seismic station in the central alborz were used for data processing. velocity models that we...