Surface passivation engineering is an imperative way to improve photoelectrode performance for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. To the best of our knowledge, it has never been systematically reviewed in a feature article. In this review, we summarize various materials and their preparation, characterizations by PEC measurements some related spectral technologies. We highlight feature...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles that important mediators in intercellular communication. This function makes them auspicious candidates for therapeutic and drug-delivery applications. Among EVs, mammalian cell derived EVs outer membrane (OMVs) produced by gram-negative bacteria the most investigated pharmaceutical To further optimize their performance to utilize natu...