Semitendinosus muscles from low quality, cull cows were trimmed, separated into three fat levels (10, 20, and 30%), treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 seconds of surface flame application, ground, and formed into patties. Patties were quick frozen (-80 C for 1 hr) and stored at -10 C for 0, 4 or 24 days. Hunter “L” and “b” values increased (P<.01) and Hunter “a” values decreased (P<.01) as flame ...

Optical emission tomography of flames has recently been demonstrated as a practical experimental technique for determining the instantaneous position of a 3D flame surface. In this paper, optical emission tomography is applied to steady and forced, non-axisymmetric, premixed, laminar flames. An experimental set-up involving a single camera and a rotatable flame holder allows camera images from ...

‘Thermal Overload’ can be defined as a condition under which design threshold values such as the surface temperature of combustion chamber components is exceeded. In this paper, a low λ value is identified as the most probable cause of voluminous flame production, resulting in high surface temperatures of engine components, i.e., engine thermal overload. Test results indicated that the flame be...

Fireline intensity is one of the most relevant quantities in forest fire science. It helps to evaluate the effects of fuel treatment on fire behaviour, to establish limits for prescribed burning. It is also used as a quantitative basis to support fire suppression activities. However, its measurement at field scale for actual fire remains a challenge. Hence, it has been poorly used as a key quan...

Fabric flammability is a surface-confined phenomenon: in fact, the fabric surface represents the most critical region, through which the mass and heat transfers, responsible for fueling the flame, are controlled and exchanged with the surroundings. More specifically, the heat the fabric surface is exposed to is transferred to the bulk, from which volatile products of thermal degradation diffuse...

A study of the ignition of non-fire-resistant hydraulic fluid sprays was conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Both an open flame and a hot steel surface were used as the external heat sources. With the open flame as the heat source, the minimum oil temperature and minimum spray nozzle pressure that resulted in an ignition were measured. The effects of the dist...

A consistent formulation of the G-equation approach for LES is developed. The unfiltered G-equation is valid only at the instantaneous flame front location. Hence, in a filtering procedure applied to derive the appropriate LES equation, only the instantaneous unfiltered flame surface can be considered. A new filter kernel is provided, which averages along the flame surface. The filter kernel is...

We present an asymptotic study of triple-flames in a strained mixing layer under a reversible reaction, which extends analytical descriptions of these flames beyond the common framework of a single irreversible Arrhenius reaction and constitutes a first step towards accounting for real chemistry effects. The study is carried out in the twodimensional counterflow configuration and adopts a const...

Dynamics of outwardly-propagating reaction fronts inspires both fundamental and practical interests. While for the former we can mention in pass supernovae explosions and measurements of laminar flame speeds of reactive mixtures, the latter is relevant to the operation of engines and prevention of spark-initiated hazards such as accidental or intentional explosions. While a pointy-ignited, expa...

Reduction of nitric oxides (NOx) in aircraft engines and in gas turbines by lean combustion is of great interest in the design of novel combustion systems. However, the stabilization of the flame under lean conditions is a main issue. In this context, the present work investigates the effects of sinusoidal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) on a lean inverse diffusive methane/air flame in a Bun...