The immune balance controlled by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) is crucial for immunoregulation and its imbalance causes various immune diseases including allergic asthma. Therefore, diagnosis of Th1/Th2 balance in autoimmune diseases including asthma is essential for the application of immune balance regulating drugs. Th1/Th2 balance is not only controlled by Th1 cells and Th2 cells, bu...

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is caused by mutations in the WASP gene, which affects the function of most hematopoietic cells and leads to immunodeficiency.1 In this issue of Blood, Morales-Tirado and colleagues show that T helper cells lacking WASp have a selective deficiency in their memory response.2 The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a crucial regulator of actin polymerization. Its g...

Type 1 and type 2 cloned T helper (Th) cells are believed to require different antigen-presenting cell (APC)-derived costimuli for proliferation. In the case of Thl-cloned T cells, CD28 signaling costimulates production of autocrine interleukin 2 (IL-2). Th2 cells produce their autocrine growth factor, IL-4, without costimulation, but require APC-derived costimuli, or IL-1, to respond to IL-4. ...

Background T-helper 2 (Th2) inflammation is a hallmark of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) and eosinophilic CRS (eCRS) although the pathogenesis is poorly understood. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux pump which is expressed within sinonasal mucosa and is capable of regulating cytokine transport in both epithelial and T-cells. The purpose of this study was to synthesize multip...

Background: It appears that chronic lupoid leishmaniasis is the result of type 2 predominant T helper response to parasite and a defect in the down regulation of IL-4 production during infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the underlying immune status in these patients and their predominant T helper activity we considered serum IgE as an indicator of TH2 activity and IL-4...

Development of partial immunity in people living in malaria endemic area is complex. For better understanding, the lymphocyte subpopulations from infected patients were evaluated by flow cytometer before any antimalarial treatment. In P. vivax infection, the frequency of T-helper type 1 (Th1) was decreased significantly (p = 0.042). In contrast, the number of T- helper type 2 (Th2) was increase...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with the effects of T helper type 2 (Th2) and Th22 cytokines. Recent studies, however, have also implicated Th17 in acute AD. Functional studies of Th2 and Th22 cytokines revealed their roles in generating molecular changes during AD; IL-17A's role, however, has yet to be defined. The report by Nakajima et al. (this issue) begins to define that role by demon...

Abstract Tumours create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that limits the antitumor function of infiltrating T-cells. Dying/necrotic tumor cells extrude intracellular potassium (K +) into local extracellular milieu, raising K +([K +] e) by 8–15 fold, which then accumulates in tumor-infiltrating Here, we determined functional impact high-[K e(50 mM) on human Using molecular assays, demonstra...

Adefovir dipivoxil treatment has significantly improved the outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, it remains largely unknown how immune system responds to the treatment. Chronic HBV patients were treated with adefovir dipivoxil and examined for serum HBV DNA loads, cytokines, and T helper (Th1) and 2 (Th2) cytokine producing T cells during 104 weeks of the treatment. Th...

the t helper 17 (th17) cells have been suggested to have osteoclast activating effects while t helper 2 (th2) cells are considered to have an osteoprotective role in periodontitis. this study was to compare the markers of th17 cells (rorc2 and il-17 genes) with that of th2 cells (il-4 and gata-3 genes) between healthy and periodontitis tissues.the samples were obtained from patients with period...