The paper explores the long-term developments and dynamics in Afghanistan, which enabled Taliban to capture state August 2021. It suggests that Taliban’s success was by failure of international intervention build legitimate authority Afghanistan. Three factors contributed this failure: First, different actors were part country pursued competing agendas, especially with ‘War on Terror’ undermini...

Personnel management at the top of terrorist groups presents a puzzle. Sub-commanders act off message reasonably often, angering powerful backers. When this happens terrorist group leaders have every incentive—and typically the means—to kill the offending subcommander. Yet we often observe group leaders firing sub-commanders instead, despite the fact that doing so allows the sub-commanders an o...

During recent years, informal money service providers, or hawaladars, have gained an enhanced role as an important informal institution and key economic agents in Afghanistan. The hawala system, handling both financial transfers and currency exchange, was important in Afghanistan even before the war. But during the long period of conflict, and especially under the Taliban regime, the hawala mar...

Media, during Taliban five years period from 1996-2001, had been totally suffocated. Only limited number of print media would publish to spread the propaganda Emirate under Sharia Law. Post-Taliban era, landscape obtained new image with establishment democratic government. Independent were allowed operate in accordance formation constitution 2004. Afghanistan rise and promote voice right, equal...

IntroductionOn August 15, 2021, the Taliban marked a turning point in history of Afghanistan by seizing power for second time and announcing an interim government Kabul. Their first victory capture Kabul led to regime that lasted

The events of 9/11 2001 led the United States to issue a Global War on Terror (GWOT) policy. One implementation this policy is war against Al-Qaeda groups under Taliban regime in Afghanistan. U.S. has launched several attacks Taliban, killing many soldiers and civil society region. After decades fighting with military force, ultimately signed peace treaty February 29, 2020. Although still at fo...