according adhar bigdili, muhammad ali was son of abdal biq naqqashbashi (painter laureate)and grandson of aliquli biq jabadar, court painter of shah safi and shah abbas ii safawi. adhar bigdili credited muhammad ali with naqqashbashi of shah tahmasp ii safawi and nadir shah afshar. having learnt the art of painting from his father, muhamma ali in turn trained ali ashraf, who worked under patron...

1. introduction some narratologists like kristeva and genette believe that if a text remembers another text, a dialogue has taken place between them and an inter-textual (or trans-textual) relationship has thus been established. some also believe that there is always a relationship between texts. among them, genette accompanied his claims by a theory and opened a new way before the narratologis...

extended abstract 1. introduction the translation of literary works in iran has always been subject to social and political conditions, intellectual tendencies, and dominant ideologies of the related historical period. hence, in each period the translators were inclined to translate specific literary works according to the beliefs and viewpoint of a distinguished political and social group. thu...