Predator-prey interactions, including between large mammalian wildlife species, can be represented as a "space race", where prey try to minimize and predators maximize spatial overlap. Human activity can also influence the distribution of wildlife species. In particular, high-human disturbance can displace large carnivore predators, a trait-mediated direct effect. Predator displacement by human...

Several decades of dynamical analyses of food-web networks [1–6] have led to important insights into the effects of complexity, omnivory and interaction strength on food-web stability [6–8]. Several recent insights [7,8] are based on nonlinear bioenergetic consumer-resource models [9] that display chaotic behavior in three species food chains [10,11] which can be stabilized by omnivory [7] and ...

Determining when multiple predator species provide better pest suppression than single species is a key step towards developing ecologically-informed biological control strategies. Theory and experiments predict that resource partitioning among functionally different predator species can strengthen prey suppression, because as a group they can access more prey types than functionally redundant ...

Some scientists are interesting to study in area of harvested ecological modelling. The harvested population dynamics is more realistic than other ecological models. In the present paper, some of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey models have been considered. In the said models, existing species are harvested by constant or variable growth rates. The behavior of their solutions has been analyzed ...

The prediction of pest-control functioning by multi-predator communities is hindered by the non-additive nature of species functioning. Such non-additivity, commonly termed an emergent multi-predator effect, is known to be affected by elements of the ecological context, such as the structure and composition of vegetation, in addition to the traits of the predators themselves. Here we report mes...

Nonlethal indirect interactions between predators often lead to nonadditive effects of predator number on prey survival and growth. Previous studies have focused on systems with at least two different predator species and one prey species. However, most predators undergo extreme ontological changes in phenotype such that interactions between different-sized cohorts of a predator and its prey co...

In this paper, we introduce fractional order of a planar fractional prey-predator system with a nonmonotonic functional response and anti-predator behaviour such that the adult preys can attack vulnerable predators. We analyze the existence and stability of all possible equilibria. Numerical simulations reveal that anti-predator behaviour not only makes the coexistence of the prey and predator ...

Predator species individually are known to have important effects on plant communities and ecosystem functions such as production, decomposition, and elemental cycling, the nature of which is determined by a key functional trait, predator hunting mode. However, it remains entirely uncertain how predators with different hunting modes combine to influence ecosystem function. I report on an experi...

In conservation biological control, we seek to make agricultural systems more hospitable to natural enemies, in an attempt to increase enemy abundance and diversity. However, it is unclear whether the effectiveness of biological control actually increases with growing natural enemy diversity, in communities including many species of generalist predators. Studies have shown that suppression of h...

This study examines the ability of a temperate marine fish, Hexagrammos decagrammus, to modulate its prey capture behavior in response to differences in prey type. This species has an extremely broad diet, feeding on prey which demonstrate very different anti-capture behaviors. Video-taped attacks on three shrimp species, one crab and pieces of shrimp were analyzed to determine the relative con...