The research described in this paper deals solely with the effect of the position of an item within a test on examinee's responding behavior at the item level. For simplicity's sake, this effect will be referred to as practice effect when the result is improved examinee performance and as fatigue effect when the result is poorer examinee performance. Item response theory item statistics were us...

Since the invention of z-scores (standardized scores), comparison among different tests has been widely conducted by test developers, instructors, educational researchers, and psychometricians. Equating, calibration, and moderation are terms used to describe broad levels of possible comparison among educational assessments (Dorans, 2004; Feuer, Holland, Green, Bertenthal, & Hemphill, 1999; Linn...

Since the invention of z-scores (standardized scores), comparison among different tests has been widely conducted by test developers, instructors, educational researchers, and psychometricians. Equating, calibration, and moderation are terms used to describe broad levels of possible comparison among educational assessments (Dorans, 2004; Feuer, Holland, Green, Bertenthal, & Hemphill, 1999; Linn...