Tetanus immune globulin (TIG) continues to be recommended in persons with tetanus-prone wounds who have incomplete or unknown tetanus immunization status. The aim of this study was to determine whether, following a booster dose of tetanus toxoid in adults who had not been immunized in the previous 10 years, there was an antitoxin response to tetanus toxoid booster within 4 days. Thirty-one adul...

The immunogenicity and protectivity of two different toxoid vaccines were compared in mice. In one formulation, toxoids (diphtheria or tetanus) were adsorbed to alumoxid, whereas in the other formulation the toxoids were crosslinked to immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIVs). A preimmunization with influenza antigens is necessary for a good anti-toxoid antibody response whe...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in sub-Saharan Africa generally differs from that observed in the United States and other developed countries in that the risk of seroconversion after exposure is greater and the rate of disease progression to AIDS and death is faster. One theory that could in part explain this difference is the increased state of immune activation associated with a re...

Brucellosis is diagnosed by detection of antibodies in the blood of animals and humans that are specific for two carbohydrate antigens, termed A and M, which are present concurrently in a single cell wall O-polysaccharide. Animal brucellosis vaccines contain these antigenic determinants, and consequently infected and vaccinated animals cannot be differentiated as both groups produce A and M spe...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is sub-Saharan Africa generally differs from that observed in the United States and other developed countries in that the risk of seroconversion after exposure is greater and the rate of disease progression to AIDS and death is faster. One theory that could in part explain this difference is the increased state of immune activation associated with a re...

Dry tetanus toxoid (TTx) patches were formulated without any adjuvant, with excipients to impart antigen stabilization and to enhance skin delivery. The booster effects of the TTx patches were assessed using a guinea pig model. The study revealed significant rises in TTx IgG titers induced by the TTx patches after a low-dose subcutaneous (s.c.) prime with TTx adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. The...

Background: Adjuvants are used to increase the immunogenicity of new generation vaccines, especially those based on recombinant proteins. Despite immunostimulatory properties, the use of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an adjuvant has been hampered due to its toxicity and pyrogenicity. Brucella abortus LPS is less toxic and has no pyrogenic properties compared to LPS from other gram nega...

BACKGROUND In 1988, WHO estimated around 787,000 newborns deaths due to neonatal tetanus. Despite few success stories majority of the Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) are still struggling to reduce neonatal mortality due to neonatal tetanus. We conducted a systematic review to understand the interventions that have had a substantial effect on reducing neonatal mortality rate due to neona...