“[T]o a greater or lesser degree, every scientific advance marks some departure from the common sense that preceded it.” These words of Irving M. Copi (1979: 195) seem to summarize the nature of Vicious Circles in the most concise fashion. Following the steps of Aczel’s (1988) ground-breaking monograph which marked a departure from the “common sense” that is attributed to classical set theory, ...

Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to endothelial dysfunction through the breakdown of NO, promotes proinflammatory gene expression, and increases the sympathetic tone. A multitude of stimuli including inflammation, cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension an...

Abstract Feedback loops are a key characteristic of engineering design processes that increase complexity, time to market, and costs. However, some feedback loops, due iteration, have positive impact on outcomes (i.e., the quality final design), so worth costs incurred. Other resulting from rework, also but their current projects, in terms urgency interruption, is high. Thus, overall, drawing s...

SETTING Delay in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis increases the infectious pool in the community and the risk of development of resistance of mycobacteria, which results in an increased number of deaths. OBJECTIVE To describe patients' and doctors' perceptions of diagnostic delay in TB patients in the Arkhangelsk region and to develop a substantive model to better understand the mechanisms of how ...