background and aims: the world is threatened by disease outbreak that reaches a public health emergency of international concern, studies to inform public and agencies for effective containment strategy are necessary. several studies provided vital information of the dynamics and control of ebola epidemic outbreak in west africa. methodologies and techniques in those researches have to be revie...

This review covers studies dealing with simplified analytical models for ballistic penetration of an impactor into different solid media, namely, metals, soil, concrete, and composites at high speeds, but not at hypervelocities. The overview covers mainly papers that were published in the last decade, but not analyzed in previous reviews on impact dynamics. Both mathematical models and their en...

We review Boltzmann machines and energy-based models. A Boltzmann machine defines a probability distribution over binary-valued patterns. One can learn parameters of a Boltzmann machine via gradient based approaches in a way that log likelihood of data is increased. The gradient and Laplacian of a Boltzmann machine admit beautiful mathematical representations, although computing them is in gene...

abstract various mathematical water uptake models have been introduced for plants response to combined drought and salinity stress. the reduction functions are classified as additive, multiplicative and conceptual models. in this study six different macroscopic reduction functions, namely; van genuchten (additive and multiplicative), dirksen et al., van dam et al, skaggs et al and homaee were e...