BACKGROUND Despite widespread use of long-toss throwing in baseball as a component of arm conditioning, interval throwing programs, and rehabilitation, long-toss distance and throwing mechanics remain controversial. PURPOSE To ascertain the perceived definition of long-toss throwing through a survey of professional pitchers, pitching coaches (PCs), and certified athletic trainers (ATCs) assoc...

BACKGROUND Glenohumeral internal rotation (GIR) and total arc of motion (TAM) decrease, whereas external rotation (GER) may increase in throwing. Although decreased GIR has been documented after throwing, its time course for recovery and the effect of pitching role have not. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We therefore asked (1) how much rotational change occurs after a single throwing episode; (2) do the...

BACKGROUND Information on baseball injury prevention and pitch count recommendations is growing, however, the incidence of throwing injuries continues to rise. This study is the first to assess knowledge of safe throwing guidelines and risk factors from the perspective of youth athletes. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) to evaluate knowledge of safe throwing guidelines and (...

Throwing velocity is an important baseball performance variable for baseball pitchers, because greater throwing velocity results in less time for hitters to make a decision to swing. Throwing velocity is also an important baseball performance variable for position players, because greater throwing velocity results in decreased time for a runner to advance to the next base. This study compared t...

One typically proves infeasibility in satisfiability/constraint satisfaction (or optimality in integer programming) by constructing a tree certificate. However, deciding how to branch in the search tree is hard, and impacts search time drastically. We explore the power of a simple paradigm, that of throwing random darts into the assignment space and then using information gathered by that dart ...

PURPOSE The aims of the present study were: (1) to compare the differences in the ball release speed and throwing accuracy between the ABOVE and SIDE throw; (2) to analyze kinematic differences of these two throwing techniques; and (3) to give practical applications to team handball coaches and players. METHODS Ball release speed, throwing accuracy, and kinematics were measured via the Vicon ...

There are five main phases of the throwing motion: windup, cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through (Fig. 2.1) [1–3]. The phases of the throwing motion generate and transmit energy to the arm to create velocity [1]. Windup and follow-through compose the majority of the throwing time, but the entire process can take less than 2 s. As a result, throwing athletes require efficient a...

The overhead-throwing athlete is a challenging sports medicine patient. The repetitive microtraumatic stresses imposed on the athlete's shoulder joint complex during the throwing motion constantly places the athlete at risk for injury. These stresses may effect several adaptations to normal shoulder range of motion, strength, and scapula position. The clinician should therefore appreciate the u...

the present study aimed to examine throwing accuracy and spatial and digit working memory of field dependent-independent participants. the group embedded figure test (geft) was distributed among 320 male students and based on the geft scores, 45 participants were randomly divided into field dependent, field independent and control group (15 participants/each group). the study included two tasks...

CONTEXT Baseball throwing injuries are common. Emphasis on injury prevention and rehabilitation is made in an attempt to keep athletes on the field of competition. Interval throwing programs are an integral part of training, conditioning, and returning an injured baseball player to the game. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Development of data-driven programs was based on the number, type, distance, and ...