■ STANDARD OF TIME AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS ● Definition of One Second Frequency f is expressed as shown below if the number of times a phenomenon repeats per second is represented by N. f = N/1 [1/s] = 1/T [Hz] T is the time for which the phenomenon occurs once and is called a period. The frequency and the period (time) are related as inverses of each other and represent essentially the same ...

Animals can predict the time of occurrence of a forthcoming event relative to a preceding stimulus, i.e. the interval time between those two, given previous learning experience with the temporal contingency between them. Accumulating evidence suggests that a particular pattern of neural activity observed during tasks involving fixed temporal intervals might carry interval time information: the ...

In 1910, Wybauw (1) and Lewis (2) working independently, demonstrated that in the mammalian heart, the point of initial excitation corresponds to the location of the sino-auricular node. This finding has been confirmed by Eyster and Meek (3) and others. Although Erlanger (4) and his co-workers have placed a different interpretation on the records of the above named investigators, the view is ge...

The productivity change of a decision making unit (DMU) between two time periods can be evaluated by the Malmquist productivity index. In this study, we propose a method to compute the Malmquist productivity index in several time periods (from the first to the last periods) on interval data in data envelopment analysis (DEA). Then, the obtained Malmquist productivity index is compared with Malm...