OBJECTIVE The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition (DSM-III), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1980, included the first official definitions by the APA of tobacco dependence and tobacco withdrawal. Tobacco industry efforts to influence the DSM-III were investigated. METHOD Searches of previously secret tobacco industry documents, prima...

This paper shows that government anti-smoking campaign can benefit the government in the political bargaining with the tobacco industry by reducing the latter's alternative welfare. Although the equilibrium regulation on the tobacco industry increases as a result of government anti-smoking campaign, the political contribution from the tobacco industry will not necessarily go down. Anti-smoking ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether development of smokeless tobacco products (SLT) is intended to target current smokers. METHODS This study analysed internal tobacco industry documents to describe research related to the smokeless tobacco market. Relevant documents included those detailing the development and targeting of SLT products with a particular emphasis on moist snuff. RESULTS Cigare...

Effective tobacco tax increases reduce tobacco consumption, threatening the profitability of the tobacco industry. In response, the tobacco industry employs strategies to negate or minimize the full effects of tobacco tax increases. By interacting with various government agencies and non-governmental organizations we identified seven such strategies: stockpiling, changing product attributes or ...

The tobacco industry has adapted its promotional strategies as tobacco-control measures have increased. This paper describes the tobacco industry's strategies on smoking manners and illustrates how these interfere with tobacco-control policy in Japan where tobacco control remains weak. Information on the tobacco industry's promotional strategies in Japan was collected through direct observation...

OBJECTIVES To propose criteria to help advocates: (1) determine when tobacco related boycotts may be useful; (2) select appropriate targets; and (3) predict and measure boycott success. METHODS Analysis of tobacco focused boycotts retrieved from internal tobacco industry documents websites and other scholarship on boycotts. RESULTS Tobacco related boycotts may be characterised by boycott ta...

OBJECTIVE To describe how the tobacco industry used the "accommodation" message to mount an aggressive and effective worldwide campaign to recruit hospitality associations, such as restaurant associations, to serve as the tobacco industry's surrogate in fighting against smoke-free environments. METHODS We analysed tobacco industry documents publicly available on the internet as a result of li...

BACKGROUND Globally, tobacco use is a major public health concern given its huge morbidity and mortality burden that is inequitably high in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization has suggested banning the advertisement, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco. However, governments in some countries, including India, are either directly engaged in tobacco industry operation...

Using tobacco industry documents, we examined how and why the tobacco industry sought to influence science and scientists in Germany as a possible factor in explaining the German opposition to stricter tobacco regulation. Smoking and health research programs were organized both separately by individual tobacco companies and jointly through their German trade organization. An extensive network o...

OBJECTIVE To analyze how the tobacco industry influenced tobacco control policymaking in Costa Rica. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of tobacco industry documents, tobacco control legislation, newspaper articles, and interviewing of key informants. RESULTS During the mid-to-late 1980s, Health Ministry issued several advanced (for their time) smoking restriction decrees causing British American...