where 7T is an element of the symmetric group Y'" (i.e., 7T is a permutation of 1,2, ... , n), 7=(tlt2 ... til), and E i.j is the elementary matrix with 1 in the i, j position and 0 elsewhere. In other words, P 1T(7) is the permutation matrix corresponding to 7T with the 1 in the ith row replaced by ti for each 1 = 1,2, . , " n. Our results are THEOREM 1. Let M(V) denote the group of all nonsin...

OBJECTIVES Lung contusion is a major risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We set to determine the role of toll-like receptor 3 and the binding of double-stranded RNA in the pathogenesis of sterile injury following lung contusion. DESIGN Toll-like receptor 3 expression was analyzed in postmortem lung samples from patients with lung contusion. Unilateral lung ...

The Toll-like receptor family mediates the innate immune system through recognizing the molecular patterns of microorganisms and self-components and leading the synthesis of the inflammatory mediators. We retrospectively examined whether or not genetic variations in toll-like receptor 1 (rs5743551, -7202GQ>A), toll-like receptor 2 (rs7656411, 22215G>T), and toll-like receptor 4 (rs11536889, +37...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense against bacterial and viral pathogens by initiating critical defense signals upon dimer activation. The contribution of the transmembrane domain in the dimerization and signaling process has heretofore been overlooked in favor of the extracellular and intracellular domains. As mounting evidence suggests that the transmembrane domain is...

The aetiology of childhood asthma is complex. An early dysfunction in the immunological development of the innate immune system in combination with environmental factors possibly triggers asthma. CD14 and toll-like receptors are important components of the innate immune system. The aim of this systematic review was to obtain a better insight into the relation between CD14 and toll-like receptor...