A retrieval of ice crystal size near the tops of active deep convective clouds (Cb) throughout the Tropics over a 12-year period is presented based on radiances from the 3.7m channel of the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer). Effective diameters ( ) are 10-20% smaller over land than ocean. Downwind of continents, crystals are smallest when low-level, offshore transport is stronges...

Aggressive encounters and injuries due to head pecking seriously threaten the welfare of domestic turkeys and also result in economic waste within the turkey industry. The aim of this study was to investigate whether domestic turkey toms distinguish group members from non group members and if they preferably attack the latter. Two unfamiliar groups of four domestic turkey toms were brought into...

In this study, satellite-based remote sensing techniques were developed for identifying smoke from forest fires. Both artificial neural networks (NN) and multithreshold techniques were explored for application with imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard NOAA satellites. The NN was designed such that it does not only classify a scene into smoke, cloud, or clear ...

Atmospheric dust loadings have a significant influence on global climate by affecting air temperatures through the absorption and scattering of solar radiation. Many dryland basins are significant sources of aeolian dust, but our knowledge of how dust emissions from these systems are affected by ephemeral wetting events is either limited or poor. This research uses synergistic data sets (Total ...

The time-latitude cross section of climatological daily variations of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer–Aerosol Index (TOMS-AI) (upper panel) and the GEWEX Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) 5-day mean rainfall (lower panel) over the Indian subcontinent show that the high aerosol region in Northern India during June–July overlaps with the rain area, indicating that aerosols may inte...

[1] Volcanic SO2 can affect the Earth’s environment. Where no direct measurements of SO2 in the atmosphere are available, a petrologic method of assessing sulfur release from the magma must be used. However, in studies of arcderived eruptions, satellite-based measurements of SO2 emissions using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data are orders of magnitude greater than those calculated pe...

A community physician questions the tendency in British medical ethics to concentrate on confidentiality to the exclusion of privacy, an essential element in the physician patient relationship. He draws upon views from various disciplines to develop the concept of privacy and deplores the lack of redress against breaches of privacy and confidentiality in English law. A BBC-TV documentary seri...